Common diseases and syndromes in people

Epidemiology: HIV continues to be a major global health issue, having claimed 36.3 million lives so far. There is no cure for HIV infection. However, with increasing access to HIV prevention, diagnosis treatment, and care, even for opportunistic infections, HIV has become a manageable chronic health condition, enabling people with HIV to live a long and healthy life. There was an estimated 37.7 million people living with HIV at the end of 2020, over 2/3rd of which are in the WHO African region.   In 2020, 680,000 people died from HIV-related causes and 1.5 million people acquired HIV. Symptoms:  Fever  Chills  Rash Night sweats Muscle aches  Sore Throat Fatigue Swollen Lymph nodes Complications:    Pneumocystis pneumonia Candidiasis  Tuberculosis Cytomegalovirus Cryptococcal meningitis Toxoplasmosis   Diagnosis:                   Blood tests are the only way to test for HIV. These blood tests ...

 Case Scenario:                           The patient is a 30-year-old male who was admitted to the hospital from home after 1 week of cough, profuse nocturnal sweating, loss of appetite, and hyposomnia. He was seen by an emergency room physician who saw signs of depression. The patient has a history of intravenous drug abuse and hepatitis B. Epidemiology:                       It is estimated that around 2 billion people are infected by tuberculosis. Every year 10 million people get infected by it and 1.6 million people die from it. In fact, T.B is the leading cause of death out of all the infectious diseases. Causes:             Tuberculosis is caused by a type of bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads when a person with active T.B sneezes or coughs and someone inhales the spelled particles which have the t.b bacter...

Case Scenario:                         A patient is 27 years old. He was infected by Bacteria V. cholerae(Cholera using bacteria it is a gram-negative type). By eating contaminated food and water or water right after a watermelon, uncooked food, or fruits. After 24-48 hours, some symptoms started to begin with painless watery diarrhea which is very voluminous and vomiting happens with it sometimes too. He vomits when he eats something. After a day his skin takes the color of pale yellow and he becomes weak due to dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea. In the first days of the infection, he drank some rehydration syrups but those weren't effective, He also felt severe pain in the stomach. He experienced accompanying abdominal cramps, probably from distension of loops of the small bowel as a result of the large volume of the intestinal secretions. Fever is typically absent. Epidemiology:           ...

 Introduction:                          Dengue is the world's most rapidly spreading viral mosquito-borne infection. Most cases of dengue are A-symptomatic or they have very mild symptoms which can be managed at home. The most important complication of dengue is not the low platelet count but the capillary leak syndrome. Capillary leak syndrome leads to loss of fluid from the plasma which results in hypotension and shock. Epidemiology:                         While dengue is seen throughout the year, it is most common during September and October right after the rainy season. Definitions: Febrile Phase: The initial phase of the infection is characterized by high fever for 2-7 days, often associated with facial flushing, skin erythema, generalized body ache, myalgia, arthralgia, and headache. Mild hemorrhagic manifestations such as petechiae and mucosal membra...

Case definition: P. falciparum asexual parasitemia in the peripheral blood smear or by RDT. Symptomatic malaria without signs of severity or evidence of vital organ dysfunction.  Case scenario:                       A 45-year-old man is brought into your clinic with a sudden high fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, yellow sclera, and dark urine. He is drowsy but is able to answer your questions. On physical examination, his temperature is 103 Fahrenheit, pulse is 110/minute, respiratory rate is 36/min and he is jaundiced. There is some tenderness over the liver, but the abdomen is otherwise soft and non-tender. Lab tests accompanying him is as follows: Hb 9.8 gm/dl, W.B.C: 5,500/cm, platelets: 40,000/cm, total bilirubin: 5.8 mg/dl, ALT:65 I.U, Blood urea 65 mg/dl, S.creatinine: 4.5 mg/dl, MP shows trophozoites of P.falciparum. Warning signs: Hyperpyrexia Prostration Impaired consciousness Respiratory disease Multiple convulsio...

 Case scenario:                           A patient is treated for P.vivax with chloroquine. He felt well for the next 10 days, after which fever and shivering happened again. This time no parasites were seen on the smear. but you suspect malaria due to inadequate treatment. An episode of malaria within 14 days of the previous episode can be due to improper treatment of malaria from the underdosing, wrong or sub-standard drugs, poor absorption, inadequate timing of treatment, or drug resistance.  However, if a patient returns after 14 days then the first-line drug should be repeated since this represents possibly a new infection or relapse. Possibly, the drug concentration in blood was insufficient to suppress all parasites 

 Case scenario:                 A middle-aged woman has proved P.vivax around twice in the last 6 months and was treated adequately but continues to have periodic febrile episodes. She produces several recent lab reports of CBC, chemistry, and lipid profiles, all of which are normal, as is her examination. The malarial smear shows that trophozoites of P.vivax and G6PD are normal. P.vivax parasites may hide in the liver cells and remain silent for months or years. Using antimalarials against acute vivax malaria targets only schizonts in the peripheral blood and not liver parasites. Hypnozoites may be sent into the blood intermittently to produce intermittent fever and anemia. People who have been positive for P.vivax malaria in the past should be treated to prevent relapse or chronic malaria. 

 Case Scenario:                       A 25-year-old man, previously well, presents with high-grade fever for the past 5 days. Before the fever his body begins to hurt, He has headaches, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. He feels very cold for a while, then his body shivers, his teeth clatter, after which the temperature rises to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. He sweats profusely, and then the fever subsides. For the rest of the day, he feels well. This happens every day or every other day. In your clinic the patient appears to be well, his body temperature is normal as so is his physical examination. Cost-effective lab test:                                 MP smears or/and RDT Treatment:          Please refer to your local doctor/family physician

Introduction:                    1) Malaria is a common and often life-threatening disease and a major risk in the tropical and subtropical countries                  2) The 2 most common types of species of malaria are P.vivax and P.falciparum. Life cycle:         1) Mosquitoes insert sporozoites in the skin when they bite humans through the skin.            2) Within 30 minutes the sporozoites enter the bloodstream and the lymphatic system of hepatocytes and where they differentiate to form hepatic sporozoites which burst and release merozoites into the bloodstream and invade erythrocytes.            3) merozoites develop from ring form to trophozoites and then to schizonts over 48 hours.            4) After breaking down the host RBC membrane 24 to 32 erythrocytes enter the bloodstr...

  Case Scenario:                           A 44-year-old man with fatigue, abdominal pain, and fever. His physical examination shows splenomegaly. his WBC count is 2 K/microliter(normal value is 4-11K/microliters), Hemoglobin 7.6 mg/dl(13.5-17.5 mg/dl, platelets are 65 K/microliter(150-200K/microliter), Aspartate aminotransferase is 634U/L(11-47U/L), Alanine aminotransferase is 164U/L(7-53 U/L), Total bilirubin 4.6 mg/dl(0.3-11 mg/dl), Direct bilirubin 3.1 mg/dl(0-0.3 mg/dl), Fibrinogen is 100 mg/dl(170-400 mg/dl), Ferritin is 123,000 ng/ml(22-322 ng/dl). Epidemiology:                           The occurrence of pancytopenia is more in males than in females. The male to female ratio is 1.56:1. Out of the case, studies for megaloblastic anemia 63.6% are males and 33.4% are females. likewise in aplastic anemia, 61.2% of the cases were female and 38.9% of t...