PANCYTOPENIA

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Case Scenario:

                         A 44-year-old man with fatigue, abdominal pain, and fever. His physical examination shows splenomegaly. his WBC count is 2 K/microliter(normal value is 4-11K/microliters), Hemoglobin 7.6 mg/dl(13.5-17.5 mg/dl, platelets are 65 K/microliter(150-200K/microliter), Aspartate aminotransferase is 634U/L(11-47U/L), Alanine aminotransferase is 164U/L(7-53 U/L), Total bilirubin 4.6 mg/dl(0.3-11 mg/dl), Direct bilirubin 3.1 mg/dl(0-0.3 mg/dl), Fibrinogen is 100 mg/dl(170-400 mg/dl), Ferritin is 123,000 ng/ml(22-322 ng/dl).

Epidemiology:

                         The occurrence of pancytopenia is more in males than in females. The male to female ratio is 1.56:1. Out of the case, studies for megaloblastic anemia 63.6% are males and 33.4% are females. likewise in aplastic anemia, 61.2% of the cases were female and 38.9% of the cases were female. 

Causes: 

            Pancytopenia has many different causes which include

                1) Diseases such as cancer, lupus, and other bone marrow disorders
                2) Infections
                3) Medicine side effects
                4) Environmental toxins such as radiation, benzene and arsenic
                5) Chemotherapy or radiation treatments
                6)  Autoimmune disorders
                7) Family history of blood disorders.

Symptoms:

                         1) Fatigue
                         2) Weakness
                         3) Diziness
                         4) Trouble breathing
                         5) Fast heart rate
                         6) Fever
                         7) Pale skin
                         8) Purple and spots on the skin
                         9) Rash
                         10) Easy bruising
                         11) Abnormal breathing

Complications: 

                       1) Bleeding in the brain
                               2) Sepsis
                               3) Severe bleeding

Diagnosis:

             A doctor will typially diagnose pancytopenia by ordering a complete blood count also known as the CBC. This test tells the doctor your RBC count, platelet count and your WBC count. A doctor may also order other labraboratory tests such as liver function tests, vitamin B12 levels, HIV and hepatitis testing.

Management/Treatment:

                                      1) Drugs to stimulate the RBC production in the bone marrow.
                                                   2) Blood Transfusions to replace the quantity of RBCs, WBC's and platelets lost.
                                                   3) Antibiotics to treat an infection.

References:

              1) The Case scenario is taken from a website by the name of  american society of hematology and it's url address is  https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/fellows/case-studies/male-fever-abdominal-pain-pancytopenia

                    2) The epidemiology is taken from a website called as journel of applied hematology and it's url address is 
https://www.jahjournal.org/article.asp?issn=16585127;year=2014;volume=5;issue=2;spage=45;epage=50;aulast=Sweta

                    3) The causes is taken from a website called as saint jude children's hospital and it's url address is 
https://www.stjude.org/disease/pancytopenia.html

                    4) The symptoms are taken from a website called national cancer institute and it's url address is 
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/pancytopenia

                    5) The compliations are taken from a website called healthgrades and the url address is 
https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/blood-conditions/pancytopenia

                     6) The Diagnosis are taken from a website called Medical news today and the url address is https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320075#:~:text=A%20doctor%20will%20typically%20diagnose,levels%2C%20HIV%20and%20hepatitis%20testing.

                     7) The treatment/management are taken from a website called Health line and the url address is 
https://www.healthline.com/health/pancytopenia

                               
             

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