Common diseases and syndromes in people

Epidemiology: HIV continues to be a major global health issue, having claimed 36.3 million lives so far. There is no cure for HIV infection. However, with increasing access to HIV prevention, diagnosis treatment, and care, even for opportunistic infections, HIV has become a manageable chronic health condition, enabling people with HIV to live a long and healthy life. There was an estimated 37.7 million people living with HIV at the end of 2020, over 2/3rd of which are in the WHO African region.   In 2020, 680,000 people died from HIV-related causes and 1.5 million people acquired HIV. Symptoms:  Fever  Chills  Rash Night sweats Muscle aches  Sore Throat Fatigue Swollen Lymph nodes Complications:    Pneumocystis pneumonia Candidiasis  Tuberculosis Cytomegalovirus Cryptococcal meningitis Toxoplasmosis   Diagnosis:                   Blood tests are the only way to test for HIV. These blood tests ...

 Case Scenario:                           The patient is a 30-year-old male who was admitted to the hospital from home after 1 week of cough, profuse nocturnal sweating, loss of appetite, and hyposomnia. He was seen by an emergency room physician who saw signs of depression. The patient has a history of intravenous drug abuse and hepatitis B. Epidemiology:                       It is estimated that around 2 billion people are infected by tuberculosis. Every year 10 million people get infected by it and 1.6 million people die from it. In fact, T.B is the leading cause of death out of all the infectious diseases. Causes:             Tuberculosis is caused by a type of bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads when a person with active T.B sneezes or coughs and someone inhales the spelled particles which have the t.b bacter...

Case Scenario:                         A patient is 27 years old. He was infected by Bacteria V. cholerae(Cholera using bacteria it is a gram-negative type). By eating contaminated food and water or water right after a watermelon, uncooked food, or fruits. After 24-48 hours, some symptoms started to begin with painless watery diarrhea which is very voluminous and vomiting happens with it sometimes too. He vomits when he eats something. After a day his skin takes the color of pale yellow and he becomes weak due to dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea. In the first days of the infection, he drank some rehydration syrups but those weren't effective, He also felt severe pain in the stomach. He experienced accompanying abdominal cramps, probably from distension of loops of the small bowel as a result of the large volume of the intestinal secretions. Fever is typically absent. Epidemiology:           ...

 Introduction:                          Dengue is the world's most rapidly spreading viral mosquito-borne infection. Most cases of dengue are A-symptomatic or they have very mild symptoms which can be managed at home. The most important complication of dengue is not the low platelet count but the capillary leak syndrome. Capillary leak syndrome leads to loss of fluid from the plasma which results in hypotension and shock. Epidemiology:                         While dengue is seen throughout the year, it is most common during September and October right after the rainy season. Definitions: Febrile Phase: The initial phase of the infection is characterized by high fever for 2-7 days, often associated with facial flushing, skin erythema, generalized body ache, myalgia, arthralgia, and headache. Mild hemorrhagic manifestations such as petechiae and mucosal membra...