Common diseases and syndromes in people

Introduction:                      Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus. Symptoms: High fever cough runny nose watery eyes Rash Complications: Middle ear infection Infection of the lungs(pneumonia) Infection of the upper airway with trouble breathing and cough(croup) Diarrhea Infection of the brain Diagnosis:                 Laboratory tests and tissue tests can provide you with a diagnosis of malaria Treatment:                    It is a viral infection and it has no treatment and it will run its course. Prevention:                  Getting yourself vaccinated is the best way to prevent measles. References: The introduction was taken from Wikipedia and the URL is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles#:~:text=Measles%20is%20a%20highly%20contagious,runny%2...

  Case scenario:                          We present a case of an 11-year-old male patient-oriented to our unit with anorexia, weight loss, and persistent cough with nocturnal paroxysms for 4 weeks. He also reported occasional wheezing and chest tightness. He denied fever, chills, myalgia, sore throat, or rhinorrhea. The patient presented to his primary care physician 1 week prior with the same complaint and was treated with amoxicillin and ebastine. Facing the persistence of the complaints he was oriented to our unit in order to exclude tuberculosis. Further study confirmed Bordetella pertussis infection and he started clarithromycin (15 mg/kg/day for 14 days). The patient's symptoms resolved after two weeks. Two of the patient's family members have developed symptoms of Bordetella pertussis infection and were treated after a convenient study. Introduction:                 ...

Introduction:                     Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells due to damage or surgical removal of the bone marrow.  Epidemiology:                              The overall incidence of aplastic anemia in the study area was 2.34 cases per million population per year, and the mortality at 1 year was 1 death every one million cases per year. Both increased with age. Survival rates were 73% at 3 years of months, 57% at 2 to 5 years of age, and 51% at 5 years of age. Causes:   Radiation and chemotherapy treatments Exposure to toxic chemicals Use of certain drugs Autoimmune disorders A viral infection            Pregnancy    Symptoms: Fatigue Shortness of breath Rapid or irregular heart rate Pale skin Frequent or prolonged infections Unexplained or...

 Case scenario:                       A 61-year-old senior partner in a law firm. While eating breakfast he experienced sudden onset slurring of speech and had facial droop on his left-hand side with weakness in left lower and upper limbs. His wife spotted this sudden onset of symptoms and immediately called for an ambulance, which arrived within 15 minutes. His past medical history is that he was diagnosed with asthma when he was 8 years old, he has grade 1 hypertension which was diagnosed 5 years ago, He is also pre-diabetic and this was diagnosed 3 years ago. The patient is taking Seretide accuhaler, he was also taking Ventolin if it was required and he did not take it for a year, he was also taking thiazide for his hypertension. His social history was that at the Law firm he used to work for 40-50 hours and now he worked only 20-30 hours, he is also planning a retirement in 1 or 2 years, he lives in a bungalow with his wife...

  Case scenario:                          A 25-year-old woman presented to her primary care physician complaining of swollen hands since last week. She had also noticed that over the last 2 days she was swelling around her eyes and was short of breath. Epidemiology:                     Glomerulonephritis is rare, with an estimated worldwide incidence of 0.5-2.5 per 100,000 patients per year depending on the specific type. In contrast, the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease(ESRD) is high, explaining why glomerulonephritis accounts for 14-20% of cases of end-stage renal disease. Causes: Toxins and medicine Viral infections like hepatitis C and B virus. IgA nephropathy lupus-related kidney inflammation Symptoms: Fatigue High blood pressure Swelling of the hands, feet, belly, and face Blood and protein in the urine Decreased urine output. Complications: Acute k...

 Case scenario:                       Joy G. is a 48-year old married mother of 3 active boys, ages 12, 15, and 18. She enjoys attending her sons’ sporting events and providing “Mom-Taxi” services for her sons and their friends. She also loves her part-time job as a hairdresser at a popular salon. Seven months ago, Joy began noticing stiffness in both hands in the morning that lasted longer and longer. Stiffness now lasted more than 1 hour every morning and included hands, wrists, and ankles. She also had increasing difficulty standing for long periods at work or at home due to foot and ankle pain. She began taking ibuprofen 800mg 3 times daily and found it helped her get through her day with less pain and stiffness. Three months ago, Joy noticed pain in her right and left shoulders when she would cut or blow dry her client’s hair. She also began feeling extremely tired and short-tempered. She had no energy to do her usual acti...

  Case scenario:                          We present a 15-year-old boy, the second of a set of twins, who presented with short stature and delayed puberty. A subtle difference in stature was noticed on review of their childhood pictures by 2 years of age through the disparity in stature became obvious to the parents at 6 years of age and it became embarrassing at 15 years of age when parents decided to seek medical attention. He was a product of term gestation with a birth weight of 3.2kg; there was no history suggestive of birth trauma. A developmental milestone in the first two years of life was essentially normal like his unaffected twin brother. At presentation both height and weight were below 3rd percentile for age, he had a low blood pressure of 80/50mmHg, infantile male external genitalia with the testicular volume of 2ml, bone age of 7 years, very low serum testosterone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic ho...

Introduction:                     Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Acute viral hepatitis is a public health problem globally. The causative viruses may be Hepatitis A virus(HAV), Hepatitis B virus(HBV), Hepatitis E virus(HEV).and several other hepatic viruses that are not easy to test in most laboratories but have similar clinical presentations. Hepatitis C virus may be the cause of acute hepatitis.   HAV and HEV are transmitted by the fetal-oral route through the consumption of contaminated food and water. HBV is transmitted through contaminated blood or blood products, or maternal transmission. HCV is transmitted through contaminated blood or blood products. HAV is more common in children, is mild to moderate, and full recovery is expected. HAV may be anicteric and may only be recognized by the deranged liver enzyme. HEV is more common in adults and is more severe than HAV. HEV is especially unsafe in pregnant women with a...

 Case Scenario:                             The patient was a 64 years old woman, with a history of monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance and hepatitis B, admitted to the hospital with Flash pulmonary edema. On observation, The patient has intense dyspnoea, diaphoresis, cyanosis, and peripheral vasoconstriction suggesting cardiogenic shock; the pulse pressure was normal, and the pulse was rapid and thread. Although at first cardiac auscultation was apparently non-revealing because of the pulmonary findings supremacy, a later detailed examination after patient improvement and ward admittance revealed an early diastolic murmur, respective of aortic regurgitation. Epidemiology:                                The prevalence of pulmonary edema was estimated to be 75,000 to 83,000 per 100,000 heart failure patients with redu...