Common diseases and syndromes in people

  Case scenario:                          We present a 15-year-old boy, the second of a set of twins, who presented with short stature and delayed puberty. A subtle difference in stature was noticed on review of their childhood pictures by 2 years of age through the disparity in stature became obvious to the parents at 6 years of age and it became embarrassing at 15 years of age when parents decided to seek medical attention. He was a product of term gestation with a birth weight of 3.2kg; there was no history suggestive of birth trauma. A developmental milestone in the first two years of life was essentially normal like his unaffected twin brother. At presentation both height and weight were below 3rd percentile for age, he had a low blood pressure of 80/50mmHg, infantile male external genitalia with the testicular volume of 2ml, bone age of 7 years, very low serum testosterone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic ho...

Introduction:                     Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Acute viral hepatitis is a public health problem globally. The causative viruses may be Hepatitis A virus(HAV), Hepatitis B virus(HBV), Hepatitis E virus(HEV).and several other hepatic viruses that are not easy to test in most laboratories but have similar clinical presentations. Hepatitis C virus may be the cause of acute hepatitis.   HAV and HEV are transmitted by the fetal-oral route through the consumption of contaminated food and water. HBV is transmitted through contaminated blood or blood products, or maternal transmission. HCV is transmitted through contaminated blood or blood products. HAV is more common in children, is mild to moderate, and full recovery is expected. HAV may be anicteric and may only be recognized by the deranged liver enzyme. HEV is more common in adults and is more severe than HAV. HEV is especially unsafe in pregnant women with a...

 Case Scenario:                             The patient was a 64 years old woman, with a history of monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance and hepatitis B, admitted to the hospital with Flash pulmonary edema. On observation, The patient has intense dyspnoea, diaphoresis, cyanosis, and peripheral vasoconstriction suggesting cardiogenic shock; the pulse pressure was normal, and the pulse was rapid and thread. Although at first cardiac auscultation was apparently non-revealing because of the pulmonary findings supremacy, a later detailed examination after patient improvement and ward admittance revealed an early diastolic murmur, respective of aortic regurgitation. Epidemiology:                                The prevalence of pulmonary edema was estimated to be 75,000 to 83,000 per 100,000 heart failure patients with redu...